³ú-½Å°æ ÁúȯÀÇ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Ä¡·áÁ¦ °³¹ß¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ³ú´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±â´ÉÀ» °¡Áø ¼¼Æ÷¿Í À̵鰣ÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ network¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ȯ°æ, À¯ÀüÇü µî ¿©·¯ ¿äÀεéÀÌ º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© ³ú-½Å°æÁúȯÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù ±Þ¼Óµµ·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ³ú-½Å°æ°èÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¾ÆÁ÷±îÁö
¸¹Àº ³ú-½Å°æ Áúȯġ·áÁ¦ÀÇ °³¹ß¿¡ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ ³ú-½Å°æ ³×Æ®¿öÅ©ÀÇ ÀÌÇظ¦ À§ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù [1-2].
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ãµµ·Î ÁøÇàµÈ ¿©·¯ genome-wide association studies (GWAS)¿¬±¸´Â ³ú-½Å°æ Áúȯ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ º¯À̸¦ º¸°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. GWAS
µ¥ÀÌÅ͸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÑ Áúº´ ¸ðµ¨¸µÀº À¯Àü º¯ÀÌ¿Í ³ú Áúȯ »çÀÌÀÇ »ó°ü °ü°è¸¦ ºñ±³Àû Á¤¹ÐÇÏ°Ô Á¦½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÃÖ±Ù ³ú ÁúȯÀÇ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú·Î ÀÚ¸® Àâ¾Ò´Ù
[3-4]. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ãµµ¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ÃÖ±Ù ³ú-½Å°æ Áúȯ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î Áúȯ ¸ðµ¨·Î ȯÀÚ Æ¯ÀÌÀûÀÎ À¯µµ¸¸´ÉÁٱ⼼Æ÷ (induced pluripotent stem cells,
iPSCs)¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â 2D ´º·± ºÐÈ ¹× ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵尡 ÁÖ¸ñ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Áúȯ µ¿¹° ¸ðµ¨Àº À¯ÀüÀû µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯¹ßµÇ´Â ³ú-½Å°æÁúȯÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¿¡ ÁÖ·Î
»ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ¼³Ä¡·ùÀÇ °æ¿ì Àΰ£°ú ´Ù¸¥ ³ú-½Å°æ ³×Æ®À§Å© ±¸Á¶ ¹× ¹ß´Þ °úÁ¤ µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© Á¤È®ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ú Áúȯ Ç¥ÇöÇüÀÇ ÀçÇö¿¡ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ º¸°í µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù [5]. ¶ÇÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ ȯÀÚÀÇ Á¶Á÷ µîÀÇ ½Ã·á¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡µµ ȯÀÚ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °¡¿ë¼º, Á¶ÀÛÀÇ ¾î·Á¿ò, À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù [6].
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ȯÀÚÀÇ iPSC¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â 2D ´º·± ºÐÈ ¹× ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵尡 ±× ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̹ø ¸®ºä¿¡¼´Â
¿©·¯ À¯Àü¼º ³ú-½Å°æÁúȯÀÇ ¸ðµ¨¸µÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵忡 ´ëÇÑ ¿©·¯ Á¢±Ù¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ´Ù·çµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù.
Àΰ£ iPSC¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ ´º·± ºÐÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¹ ¹ø° ¿¬±¸´Â 2001³â Thomson ±×·ì¿¡¼ ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù [7]. ÇØ´ç ¿¬±¸¿¡¼´Â iPSC·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¦ÀÛµÈ embryonic body
(EB)¿¡ fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2)󸮽à neural-tube¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â neural rosette°¡ »ý¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °üÂûÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ
¿©·¯ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ rosette°¡ ventricular radial glial cell, intermediate progenitor ¹× outer radial glial
cellµîÀ¸·Î µÑ·¯½ÎÀÎ epithelialÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¸Á¶´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ú¿¡¼ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ventricular zone (VZ) ¹×
subventricular zone (SVZ)°ú À¯»çÇÔÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ¿´´Ù [8-9]. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐÈ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀº Á¡Â÷ ¼¼ºÐÈµÇ¾î ¼¼·ÎÅä´Ñ ´º·±, µµÆĹΠ¼º ´º·±, ¿îµ¿ ´º·±, GABA ¼º
´º·±, °¨°¢ ´º·± ¹× microglia µîÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ¼¼Æ÷·Î ºÐȵǴ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄݵéÀÌ È®¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº 2D ¹è¾ç ±â¹ÝÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÐÈ ±â¼úÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ³ú-½Å°æÁúȯÀÇ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ ÇßÁö¸¸, Àΰ£ ³úÀÇ º¹À⼺À» ÆľÇÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ÇÑ°è°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ 2D ±â¹ÝÀÇ
¹è¾ç±â¼úÀº ³úÀÇ Æ¯Á¤ ¿µ¿ª¸¸À» ÀçÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷µéÀÇ ³×Æ®À§Å©¸¦ ÆľÇÇϱ⿡´Â ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù 2D ¹è¾çÀ» À§Çؼ´Â ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ ¼¼Æ÷ ¿Ü ±âÁú
(extra cell matrix, ECM)À» ÄÚÆÃÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼¼Æ÷¿Í ECM°£ÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀº ½ÇÁ¦ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ¼¼Æ÷-¼¼Æ÷ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë°ú´Â ÀϺΠ»óÀÌÇÑ Æ¯¼ºÀ»
º¸ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡À» ±Øº¹Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© intestinal (³»¹è¿±) ¹× kidney (Á߹迱) ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵åµîÀÇ ±âÁ¸¿¡ °³¹ßµÈ ºÐÈ ±â¼úÀ» ÂüÁ¶ÇÏ¿© ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀÌµå ±â¼úÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ÜÁö
³»¹è¿±/Á߹迱ÀÇ ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵å¿Í´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô ³ú (¿Ü¹è¿±)¿À°¡³ëÀ̵å´Â ¼ºÀå½ÅÈ£ÀÎÀÚ(growth factor)¸¦ Á¦°Å·Î ºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛµÊÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀÌµå ºÐÈ´Â ÆÐÅÏÈ
¹æ½Ä¿¡ µû¶ó µÎ°¡Áö Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ» º¸ÀδÙ. ¸ÕÀú ¿ÜºÎÀÇ Á¶Àý ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ ÃÖ¼ÒÈ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î À̸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© self-guided ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵å ÇüŸ¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ÜÀμº
ÆäÅÍ´× ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î BMP, FGF, Nodal ¹× Sonic HedgehogµîÀÇ ¿ÜÀμº ÀÎÀÚµéÀ» Ãß°¡ÇÏ¿© ¿øÇϴ ƯÁ¤ ¿µ¿ªÀÇ ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵带 Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀÌ´Ù [10].
Self-guided ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵åÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â Knoblich ±×·ì¿¡¼ óÀ½ ½ÃµµµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 3D neuroepithelial spheroids¸¦ matrigel¿¡ embedded½ÃŲÈÄ
hypoxia ¹× spinning ȯ°æ¿¡¼ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ½ÇÁ¦ Àΰ£ ³úÀÇ ¹ß´Þ °úÁ¤À» ¸ð¹æÇÏ¿´´Ù [11]. ¿ÜÀμº ÆäÅÍ´× ¹æ¹ýÀº Sasai±×·ì ¹× Pasca±×·ì¿¡¼ óÀ½
½ÃµµµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ÜÀμº ÀÎÀÚ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿øÇÏ´Â ³ú ¿µ¿ªÀ» Á¦ÀÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù [12-13]. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀÌµå ±â¼úÀº Ãֱ٠ȯÀÚƯÀÌÀûÀÎ iPSC¿Í Á¢¸ñµÇ¾î down
ÁõÈıº, Rett ÁõÈıº µîÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³ú-½Å°æ°è Áúȯ¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù (±×¸² 1). ¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡À§ ±â¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Á» ´õ Á¤¹ÐÇÑ Áúȯ ¸ðµ¨¸µÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±âÁ¸¿¡
¹àÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ä¡·á Ÿ°ÙÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀÌµå ±â¼úÀº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ 2D ¹è¾ç ¹× µ¿¹°¸ðµ¨¿¡¼ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù ¹æ½ÄÀ» Á¦°øÇÏÁö¸¸ ±Øº¹ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¸î °¡Áö ÇÑ°èÁ¡ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ù°, ½ÇÁ¦ Àΰ£ ³úÀÇ º¹À⼺°ú
ÀçÇö¼ºÀ» ¸ðµÎ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵带 Á¦ÀÛÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î º¹À⼺À» ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ±¸ÇöÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀÇ ¿ÜºÎÀÎÀÚ¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¿ÜÀμº ÆäÅÍ´× ¹æ½ÄÀÌ Àû¿ëµÇ°í
ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹èÄ¡°£ÀÇ Å« º¯µ¿¼ºÀ» À¯¹ßÇÑ´Ù [14]. ÀÌ¿Í´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î ƯÁ¤ ºÎÀ§¸¸À» ¸ð¹æÇÏ´Â ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵åÀÇ °æ¿ì ¹èÄ¡°£ÀÇ ³ôÀº ÀçÇö¼ºÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖÁö¸¸, ³úÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ
¿µ¿ªµéÀ» ÀûÀýÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù [15].
´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ°è´Â ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵åÀÇ Å©±â°¡ Ä¿ÁüÀ¸·Î½á ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ »ê¼Ò ¹× ¿µ¾ç¼Ò °ø±ÞÀÌ´Ù. ÇöÀç °³¹ßµÈ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ È®»ê¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ê¼Ò ¹× ¿µ¾ç¼Ò °ø±Þ
¹æ¹ýÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵å Áß¾Ó ºÎºÐ¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ °ø±ÞÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ö Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ±«»ç¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© Ç÷°ü µîÀÇ ´Ù¸¥
¼¼Æ÷¿ÍÀÇ °áÇÕÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäÄÝÀÌ °³¹ßµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù [16].
³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀÌµå ±â¼úÀÇ °³¹ßÀº in vitro ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼ Àΰ£ ³úÀÇ ¹ß´Þ °úÁ¤°ú ³ú-½Å°æ Áúȯ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º´ÀÎÀ» °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »õ·Î¿î ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀ̵尡 °³¹ßµÈ ÈÄ ¸Å¿ì ªÀº ½Ã°£¿¡ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³ú-½Å°æ Áúȯ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ÇÙ½É ±â¼ú·Î ÀÚ¸®Àâ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾ÆÁ÷Àº ¸î °¡Áö ±â¼úÀûÀÎ ÇÑ°è·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç Áúȯ¿¡ Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª, ³ª³ë ±â¼ú, »ýü Àç·á µîÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ½Ä°úÀÇ Á¢¸ñÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÇØ°áÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀÌ ÁøÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÖÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ³ú ¿À°¡³ëÀÌµå ±â¼úÀÌ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© È®ÀÎÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´ø ³ú-½Å°æ ÁúȯÀÇ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ°í Ä¡·á Ÿ°ÙÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î ±â´ëÇÑ´Ù.
Geschwind DH, Flint J (2015) Genetics and genomics of psychiatric disease. Science 349:1489-1494. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa8954
Llinares-Benadero C, Borrell V (2019) Deconstructing cortical folding: genetic, cellular and mechanical determinants. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 20:161-176. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0112-2
Sullivan PF, Daly MJ, O’Donovan M (2012) Genetic architectures of psychiatric disorders: the emerging picture and its implications. Nat Rev Genet 13:537-551. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3240
Grove J, et al. (2019) Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder. Nat Genet 51:431-444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0344-8
Rosenthal N, Brown S (2007) The mouse ascending: perspectives for human-disease models. Nat Cell Biol 9:993-999. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb437
Quadrato G, Brown J, Arlotta P (2016) The promises and challenges of human brain organoids as models of neuropsychiatric disease. Nature Medicine 22:1220-1228. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4214
Zhang S-C, Wernig M, Duncan ID, Brüstle O, Thomson JA (2001) In vitro differentiation of transplantable neural precursors from human embryonic stem cells. Nat Biotechnol 19:1129-1133. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt1201-1129
Shi Y, Kirwan P, Smith J, Robinson HPC, Livesey FJ (2012b) Human cerebral cortex development from pluripotent stem cells to functional excitatory synapses. Nature Neuroscience 15:477-486. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3041
Edri R, Yaffe Y, Ziller MJ, Mutukula N, Volkman R, David E, Jacob-Hirsch J, Malcov H, Levy C, Rechavi G, Gat-Viks I, Meissner A, Elkabetz Y (2015) Analysing human neural stem cell ontogeny by consecutive isolation of Notch active neural progenitors. Nat Commun 6:6500. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7500
Clevers H (2016) Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids. Cell 165:1586-1597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.082
Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (2014) Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 9:2329-2340. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2014.158
Kadoshima T, Sakaguchi H, Nakano T, Soen M, Ando S, Eiraku M, Sasai Y (2013) Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell-derived neocortex. PNAS 110:20284-20289. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315710110
Paşca AM, Sloan SA, Clarke LE, Tian Y, Makinson CD, Huber N, Kim CH, Park J-Y, O’Rourke NA, Nguyen KD, Smith SJ, Huguenard JR, Geschwind DH, Barres BA, Paşca SP (2015) Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. Nature Methods 12:671–678. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3415
Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin C-A, Wenzel D, Bicknell LS, Hurles ME, Homfray T, Penninger JM, Jackson AP, Knoblich JA (2013) Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 501:373-379. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12517
Velasco S, Kedaigle AJ, Simmons SK, Nash A, Rocha M, Quadrato G, Paulsen B, Nguyen L, Adiconis X, Regev A, Levin JZ, Arlotta P (2019) Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex. Nature 570:523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1289-x
van Duinen V, Trietsch SJ, Joore J, Vulto P, Hankemeier T (2015) Microfluidic 3D cell culture: from tools to tissue models. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 35:118-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2015.05.002
¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ¾àÇдëÇÐ, Çлç
¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ¾àÇдëÇÐ, ¼®»ç
¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ¾àÇдëÇÐ, ¹Ú»ç
Stanford University School of Medicine, Post-doc/¿¬±¸±³¼ö
¼º±Õ°ü´ëÇб³ ¾àÇдëÇÐ, Á¶±³¼ö
Imnewrun Biosciences Inc, ºÎ»çÀå/ÆÀ¸®´õ